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Institute of Training and Development

  • 1 Institute of Training and Development

    орг.
    сокр. ITD
    1) упр., брит., ист. Институт обучения и развития персонала (до 1994 г. занимался вопросами повышения квалификации, затем объединился с Институтом управления персоналом, образовав Институт персонала и кадрового развития)
    See:
    2) упр., амер. Институт обучения и развития (частная некоммерческая организация, проводящая тренинги и реализующая обменные программы для руководителей государственных органов, негосударственных организаций и мировых компаний; основана в 1985 г.)

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > Institute of Training and Development

  • 2 Australian Institute For Training And Development

    University: AITD

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Australian Institute For Training And Development

  • 3 Australian Institute of Training and Development

    Mass media: AITD

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Australian Institute of Training and Development

  • 4 Institute of Personnel and Development

    орг.
    сокр. IPD упр., брит., ист. Институт персонала и кадрового развития (образован в 1994 г. в результате объединения Института управления персоналом и Института обучения и развития персонала; в 2000 г. переименован в Чартерный институт персонала и кадрового развития)
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > Institute of Personnel and Development

  • 5 Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development

    орг.
    сокр. CIPD упр., брит. Королевский институт персонала и кадрового развития* (высшее учебное заведение, осуществляющее подготовку менеджеров по персоналу, а также изучающее вопросы кадрового развития и повышения квалификации персонала; существует с 2000 г.)
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development

  • 6 Postal Service Training and Development Institute

    Abbreviation: PST&DI

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Postal Service Training and Development Institute

  • 7 development

    сущ.
    1)
    а) общ. развитие, расширение, развертывание, рост; совершенствование; эволюция

    intellectual development — интеллектуальное [умственное\] развитие

    development of civilization [of one's powers\] — развитие цивилизации [способностей\]

    development of illness [disease\] — развитие болезни [заболевания\]

    development-friendly — благоприятный для развития*, способствующий развитию*

    development-friendly trade policy — благоприятная для развития [способствующая развитию\] торговая политика*

    Syn:
    See:
    б) псих. развитие (процесс необратимых, направленных и закономерных изменений, приводящий к возникновению количественных, качественных и структурных преобразований психики и поведения человека)
    See:
    в) общ. изложение; раскрытие

    development of an argument [of an idea\] — развитие аргумента [идеи\]

    2) общ. результат развития
    3)
    а) общ. разработка, создание; улучшение, усовершенствование (машины, механизма, конструкции и т. п.)

    engineering development — конструкторская [техническая\] разработка

    development work — технические [технологические, опытно-конструкторские, проектно-исследовательские\] разработки, проектирование

    See:
    б) общ. (новое) строительство, застройка

    The new loan connected with railway development. — Новый целевой заем на строительство железной дороги.

    в) доб. разработка месторождения; промысел
    4) общ., часто мн. ситуация; обстоятельства

    We were waiting for the next development. — Мы ждали нового поворота событий.

    5) мат. вывод, развертывание ( формулы)
    6) мат. разложение ( в ряд)

    * * *
    развитие, разработка (напр., нового продукта).
    * * *
    . . Словарь экономических терминов .

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > development

  • 8 Institute of Personnel Management

    орг.
    сокр. IPM упр., брит., ист. Институт управления персоналом (с 1946 г. занимался подготовкой менеджеров по персоналу; в 1994 г. объединился с Институтом обучения и развития персонала в Институт персонала и кадрового развития)
    See:
    * * *
    * * *
    Институт менеджеров, руководящих кадрами
    профессиональная организация менеджеров, занимающихся работой с кадрами, созданная в 1913г abbr IPM

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > Institute of Personnel Management

  • 9 institute

    институт; научно-исследовательский институт, НИИ; организационная система

    Navy, Army and Air Force institutes — Бр. военно-торговая служба ВМС, СВ и ВВС

    English-Russian military dictionary > institute

  • 10 AITD

    1) Юридический термин: All Inclusive Trust Deed

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > AITD

  • 11 ITD

    орг.
    упр., брит., ист. сокр. от Institute of Training and Development

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > ITD

  • 12 אוניתר

    UNITAR, United Nations Institute for Training and Research, autonomous body within the United Nations with a mandate to enhance the effectiveness of the UN through training and research (especially in the areas of technology, economics, socio-political development and environmental protection)

    Hebrew-English dictionary > אוניתר

  • 13 PST&DI

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > PST&DI

  • 14 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
    47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.
    48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.
    49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.
    50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.
    51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.
    52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.
    53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.
    54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.
    55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.
    56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.
    57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.
    58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.
    59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.
    60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.
    61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.
    62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.
    63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.
    64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.
    65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.
    66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.
    67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.
    68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.
    69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.
    70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.
    71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.
    72. Beres, D. (1960) The psychoanalytic psychology of imagination. JAPA, 8.
    73. Beres, D. & Joseph, E. D. (1965) Structure and function in psychoanalysis. IJP, 46.
    74. Beres, D. (1970) The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis. IJP, 51.
    75. Berg, M D. (1977) The externalizing transference. IJP, 58.
    76. Bergeret, J. (1985) Reflection on the scientific responsi bilities of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Memorandum distributed at 34th IPA Congress, Humburg.
    77. Bergman, A. (1978) From mother to the world outside. In: Grolnick et. al. (1978).
    78. Bergmann, M. S. (1980) On the intrapsychic function of falling in love. PQ, 49.
    79. Berliner, B. (1966) Psychodynamics of the depressive character. Psychoanal. Forum, 1.
    80. Bernfeld, S. (1931) Zur Sublimierungslehre. Imago, 17.
    81. Bibring, E. (1937) On the theory of the therapeutic results of psychoanalysis. IJP, 18.
    82. Bibring, E. (1941) The conception of the repetition compulsion. PQ, 12.
    83. Bibring, E. (1953) The mechanism of depression. In: Affective Disorders, ed. P. Greenacre. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    84. Bibring, E. (1954) Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. JAPA, 2.
    85. Binswanger, H. (1963) Positive aspects of the animus. Zьrich: Spring.
    86. Bion Francesca Abingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    87. Bion, W. R. (1952) Croup dynamics. IJP, 33.
    88. Bion, W. R. (1961) Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock.
    89. Bion, W. R. (1962) A theory of thinking. IJP, 40.
    90. Bion, W. R. (1962) Learning from Experience. London: William Heinemann.
    91. Bion, W. R. (1963) Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: William Heinemann.
    92. Bion, W. R. (1965) Transformations. London: William Heinemann.
    93. Bion, W. R. (1970) Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.
    94. Bion, W. R. (1985) All My Sins Remembered, ed. Francesca Bion. Adingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    95. Bird, B. (1972) Notes on transference. JAPA, 20.
    96. Blanck, G. & Blanck, R. (1974) Ego Psychology. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
    97. Blatt, S. J. (1974) Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. PSOC, 29.
    98. Blau, A. (1955) A unitary hypothesis of emotion. PQ, 24.
    99. Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1951.
    100. Blos, P. (1954) Prolonged adolescence. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 24.
    101. Blos, P. (1962) On Adolescence. New York: Free Press.
    102. Blos, P. (1972) The epigenesia of the adult neurosis. 27.
    103. Blos, P. (1979) Modification in the traditional psychoanalytic theory of adolescent development. Adolescent Psychiat., 8.
    104. Blos, P. (1984) Son and father. JAPA_. 32.
    105. Blum, G. S. (1963) Prepuberty and adolescence, In Studies ed. R. E. Grinder. New York: McMillan.
    106. Blum, H. P. Symbolism. FMC. Forthcoming.
    107. Blum, H. P. (1976) Female Psychology. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    108. Blum, H. P. (1976) Masochism, the ego ideal and the psychology of women. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    109. Blum, H. P. (1980) The value of reconstruction in adult psychoanalysis. IJP, 61.
    110. Blum, H. P. (1981) Forbidden quest and the analytic ideal. PQ, 50.
    111. Blum, H. P. (1983) Defense and resistance. Foreword. JAFA, 31.
    112. Blum, H. P., Kramer, Y., Richards, A. K. & Richards, A. D., eds. (1988) Fantasy, Myth and Reality: Essays in Honor of Jacob A. Arlow. Madison, Conn.: Int. Univ. Press.
    113. Boehm, F. (1930) The femininity-complex In men. IJP,11.
    114. Boesky, D. Structural theory. PMC. Forthcoming.
    115. Boesky, D. (1973) Deja raconte as a screen defense. PQ, 42.
    116. Boesky, D. (1982) Acting out. IJP, 63.
    117. Boesky, D. (1986) Questions about Sublimation In Psychoanalysis the Science of Mental Conflict, ed. A. D. Richards & M. S. Willick. Hillsdale, N. J.: Analytic Press.
    118. Bornstein, B. (1935) Phobia in a 2 1/2-year-old child. PQ, 4.
    119. Bornstein, B. (1951) On latency. PSOC, 6.
    120. Bornstein, M., ed. (1983) Values and neutrality in psychoanalysis. Psychoanal. Inquiry, 3.
    121. Bowlby, J. (1960) Grief and morning in infancy and early childhood. PSOC. 15.
    122. Bowlby, J. (1961) Process of mourning. IJP. 42.
    123. Bowlby, J. (1980) Attachment and Loss, vol. 3. New York: Basic Books.
    124. Bradlow, P. A. (1973) Depersonalization, ego splitting, non-human fantasy and shame. IJP, 54.
    125. Brazelton, T. B., Kozlowsky, B. & Main, M. (1974) The early motherinfant interaction. In: The Effect of the Infant on Its Caregiver, ed. M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum New York Wiley.
    126. Brenner, C. (1957) The nature and development of the concept of repression in Freud's writings. PSOC, 12.
    127. Brenner, C. (1959) The masochistic character. JAPA, 7.
    128. Brenner, C. (1973) An Elementary Textbook of Psycho-analysis. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    129. Brenner, C. (1974) On the nature and development of affects PQ, 43.
    130. Brenner, C. (1976) Psychoanalytic Technique and Psychic Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    131. Brenner, C. (1979) The Mind in Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    132. Brenner, C. (1979) Working alliance, therapeutic alliance and transference. JAPA, 27.
    133. Brenner, C. (1981) Defense and defense mechanisms. PQ, 50.
    134. Brenner, C. (1983) Defense. In: the Mind in Conflict. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    135. Bressler, B. (1965) The concept of the self. Psychoanalytic Review, 52.
    136. Breuer, J. & Freud, S. (1983—95) Studies on Hysteria. SE, 3.
    137. Breznitz, S., ed. (1983) The Denial of Stress. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    138. Brody, S. (1964) Passivity. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    139. Brown, H. (1970) Psycholinquistics. New York: Free Press.
    140. Bruner, J. S. (1964) The course of cognitive growth. Amer. Psychologist. 19.
    141. Bruner, J., Jolly, A. & Sylva, K. (1976) Play. New York Basic Books.
    142. Bruner, J. E., Olver, R. R. &Greenfield, P. M. (1966) Studies in Cognitive Growth. New York: Wiley.
    143. Buie, D H. (1981) Empathy. JAPA, 29.
    144. Burgner, M. & Edgeumble, R. (1972) Some problems in the conceptualization of early object relationships. PSOC, 27.
    145. Call, J. ed. (1979) Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
    146. Carroll, G. (1956) Language, Thought and Reality. Cambridge & London: M. I. T. Press & John Wiley.
    147. Cavenar, J. O. & Nash, J. L. (1976) The effects of Combat on the normal personality. Comprehensive Psychiat., 17.
    148. Chassequet-Smirgel, J. (1978) Reflections on the connection between perversion and sadism. IJP, 59.
    149. Chomsky, N. (1978) Language and unconscious knowledge. In: Psychoanalysis and Language, ed. J. H. Smith. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, vol. 3.
    150. Clower, V. (1975) Significance of masturbation in female sexual development and function. In: Masturbation from Infancy to Senescence, ed. I. Marcus & J. Francis. New York: Int. Uni" Press.
    151. Coen, S. J. & Bradlow, P. A. (1982) Twin transference as a compromise formation. JAPA, 30.
    152. Compton, A. Object and relationships. PMC. Forthcoming.
    153. Cullen, W. (1777) First Lines of the Practice of Psysic. Edinburgh: Bell, Brandfute.
    154. Curtis, B. C. (1969) Psychoanalytic understanding and treatment of impotence. In: Sexual Function and Dysfunction, ed. P. J. Fink & V. B. O. Hummett. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
    155. Darwin, C. (1874) The Descent of Man. New York: Hurst.
    156. Davidoff-Hirsch, H. (1985) Oedipal and preoedipal phenomena. JAPA, 33.
    157. Davis, M. & Wallbridge, D. (1981) Boundary and Space. New York: Brunner-Mazel.
    158. Deutsch, H. (1932) Homosexuality in women. PQ, 1.
    159. Deutsch, H. (1934) Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. PQ, 11.
    160. Deutsch, H. (1937) Absence of grief. PQ, 6.
    161. Deutsch, H. (1942) Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. PQ, 11.
    162. Deutsch, H. (1955) The impostor. In: Neuroses and Character Types. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1965.
    163. Devereux, G. (1953) Why Oedipus killed Lains. IJP, 34.
    164. Dewald, P. (1982) Psychoanalytic perspectives On resistance. In: resistance, Psychodynamics. and Behavioral Approaches, ed. P. Wachtel. New York: Plenum Press.
    165. Dickes, R. (1963) Fetishistic behavior. JAPA. 11.
    166. Dickes, R. (1965) The defensive function of an altered state of consciousness. JAPA, 13.
    167. Dickes, R. (1967) Severe regressive disruption of the therapeutic alliance. JAPA, 15.
    168. Dickes, R. (1981) Sexual myths and misinformation. In: Understanding Human Behaviour in Health and Illness, ed. R. C. Simon & H. Pardes. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
    169. Dorpat, T. L. (1985) Denial and Defense in the Therapeutic Situation. New York: Jason Aronson.
    170. Downey, T. W. (1978) Transitional phenomena in the analysis of early adolescent males. PSOC, 33.
    171. Dunbar, F. (1954) Emotions and Bodily Functions. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
    172. Easson, W. M. (1973) The earliest ego development, primitive memory traces, and the Isakower phenomenon. PQ, 42.
    173. Edelheit, H. (1971) Mythopoiesis and the primal scene. Psychoanal. Study Society, 5.
    174. Edgcumbe, R. & Burgner, M. (1972) Some problems in the conceptualization of early object relation ships, part I. PSOC, 27.
    175. Edgcumbe, R. & Burgner, M. (1975) The phallicnarcissistic phase. PSOC, 30.
    176. Eidelberg, L. (1960) A third contribution to the study of slips of the tongue. IJP, 41.
    177. Eidelberg, L. (1968) Encyclopedia of Psychoanalysis. New York: The Free Press; London: Collier-MacMillan.
    178. Eissler, K. R. (1953) The effect of the structure of the ego on psychoanalytic technique. JAPA, 1.
    179. Ellenberg, H. F. (1970) The Discovery of the Unconscious. New York: Basic Books.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 15 Stanley, Robert Crooks

    [br]
    b. 1 August 1876 Little Falls, New Jersey, USA
    d. 12 February 1951 USA
    [br]
    American mining engineer and metallurgist, originator of Monel Metal
    [br]
    Robert, the son of Thomas and Ada (Crooks) Stanley, helped to finance his early training at the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, by working as a manual training instructor at Montclair High School. After graduating in mechanical engineering from Stevens in 1899, and as a mining engineer from the Columbia School of Mines in 1901, he accepted a two-year assignment from the S.S.White Dental Company to investigate platinum-bearing alluvial deposits in British Columbia. This introduced him to the International Nickel Company (Inco), which had been established on 29 March 1902 to amalgamate the major mining companies working the newly discovered cupro-nickel deposits at Sudbury, Ontario. Ambrose Monell, President of Inco, appointed Stanley as Assistant Superintendent of its American Nickel Works at Camden, near Philadelphia, in 1903. At the beginning of 1904 Stanley was General Superintendent of the Orford Refinery at Bayonne, New Jersey, where most of the output of the Sudbury mines was treated.
    Copper and nickel were separated there from the bessemerized matte by the celebrated "tops and bottoms" process introduced thirteen years previously by R.M.Thompson. It soon occurred to Stanley that such a separation was not invariably required and that, by reducing directly the mixed matte, he could obtain a natural cupronickel alloy which would be ductile, corrosion resistant, and no more expensive to produce than pure copper or nickel. His first experiment, on 30 December 1904, was completely successful. A railway wagon full of bessemerized matte, low in iron, was calcined to oxide, reduced to metal with carbon, and finally desulphurized with magnesium. Ingots cast from this alloy were successfully forged to bars which contained 68 per cent nickel, 23 per cent copper and about 1 per cent iron. The new alloy, originally named after Ambrose Monell, was soon renamed Monel to satisfy trademark requirements. A total of 300,000 ft2 (27,870 m2) of this white, corrosion-resistant alloy was used to roof the Pennsylvania Railway Station in New York, and it also found extensive applications in marine work and chemical plant. Stanley greatly increased the output of the Orford Refinery during the First World War, and shortly after becoming President of the company in 1922, he established a new Research and Development Division headed initially by A.J.Wadham and then by Paul D. Merica, who at the US Bureau of Standards had first elucidated the mechanism of age-hardening in alloys. In the mid- 1920s a nickel-ore body of unprecedented size was identified at levels between 2,000 and 3,000 ft (600 and 900 m) below the Frood Mine in Ontario. This property was owned partially by Inco and partially by the Mond Nickel Company. Efficient exploitation required the combined economic resources of both companies. They merged on 1 January 1929, when Mond became part of International Nickel. Stanley remained President of the new company until February 1949 and was Chairman from 1937 until his death.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    American Society for Metals Gold Medal. Institute of Metals Platinum Medal 1948.
    Further Reading
    F.B.Howard-White, 1963, Nickel, London: Methuen (a historical review).
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Stanley, Robert Crooks

  • 16 Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig

    [br]
    b. 27 March 1886 Aachen, Germany
    d. 17 August 1969 Chicago, USA
    [br]
    German architect, third of the great trio of long-lived, second-generation modernists who established the international style in the inter-war years and brought it to maturity (See Jeanneret (Le Corbusier) and Gropius).
    [br]
    Mies van der Rohe was the son of a stonemason and his early constructional training came from his father. As a young man he gained experience of the modern school from study of the architecture of the earlier leaders, notably Peter Behrens, Hendrik Berlage and Frank Lloyd Wright. He commenced architectural practice in 1913 and soon after the First World War was establishing his own version of modern architecture. His building materials were always of the highest quality, of marble, stone, glass and, especially, steel. He stripped his designs of all extraneous decoration: more than any of his contemporaries he followed the theme of elegance, functionalism and an ascetic concentration on essentials. He believed that architectural design should not look backwards but should reflect the contemporary achievement of advanced technology in both its construction and the materials used, and he began early in his career to act upon these beliefs. Typical was his early concrete and glass office building of 1922, after which, more importantly, came his designs for the German Pavilion at the Barcelona Exposition of 1929. These designs included his famous Barcelona chair, made from chrome steel and leather in a geometrical design, one which has survived as a classic and is still in production. Another milestone was his Tugendhat House in Brno (1930), a long, low, rectilinear structure in glass and steel that set a pattern for many later buildings of this type. In 1930 Mies followed his colleagues as third Director of the Bauhaus, but due to the rise of National Socialism in Germany it was closed in 1933. He finally left Germany for the USA in 1937, and the following year he took up his post as Director of Architecture in Chicago at what is now known as the Illinois Institute of Technology and where he remained for twenty years. In America Mies van der Rohe continued to develop his work upon his original thesis. His buildings are always recognizable for their elegance, fine proportions, high-quality materials and clean, geometrical forms; nearly all are of glass and steel in rectangular shapes. The structure and design evolved according to the individual needs of each commission, and there were three fundamental types of design. One type was the single or grouped high-rise tower, built for apartments for the wealthy, as in his Lake Shore Drive Apartments in Chicago (1948–51), or for city-centre offices, as in his Seagram Building in New York (1954–8, with Philip Johnson) or his Chicago Federal Centre (1964). Another form was the long, low rectangle based upon the earlier Tugendhat House and seen again in the New National Gallery in Berlin (1965–8). Third, there were the grouped schemes when the commission called for buildings of varied purpose on a single, large site. Here Mies van der Rohe achieved a variety and interest in the different shapes and heights of buildings set out in spatial harmony of landscape. Some examples of this type of scheme were housing estates (Lafayette Park Housing Development in Detroit, 1955–6), while others were for educational, commercial or shopping requirements, as at the Toronto Dominion Centre (1963–9).
    [br]
    Further Reading
    L.Hilbersheimer, 1956, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Chicago: P.Theobald.
    Peter Blake, 1960, Mies van der Rohe, Architecture and Structure, Penguin, Pelican. Arthur Drexler, 1960, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, London: Mayflower.
    Philip Johnson, 1978, Mies van der Rohe, Seeker and Warburg.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig

  • 17 институт

    м
    1) ( учебный) college

    педагоги́ческий институ́т — teacher training college

    2) ( исследовательский) institute, center

    нау́чно-иссле́довательский институ́т — research institute

    прое́ктный институ́т — research and development (R&D) center

    Американизмы. Русско-английский словарь. > институт

  • 18 sistema

    m.
    por sistema systematically
    sistema circulatorio circulatory system
    sistema decimal decimal system
    sistema fiscal o impositivo tax system
    sistema inmunológico immune system
    sistema métrico (decimal) metric (decimal) system
    sistema monetario europeo European Monetary System
    sistema montañoso mountain chain o range
    sistema nervioso nervous system
    sistema periódico de los elementos periodic table of elements
    sistema de seguridad security system
    sistema solar solar system
    2 method.
    3 system (computing).
    sistema experto/operativo expert/operating system
    * * *
    1 system
    \
    por sistema as a rule
    sistema cableado hard-wired system
    sistema de ecuaciones simultaneous equations plural
    sistema experto expert system
    sistema métrico decimal decimal metric system
    sistema montañoso mountain chain
    sistema nervioso nervous system
    sistema operativo operative system
    sistema planetario planetary system
    sistema solar solar system
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=conjunto ordenado) system

    sistema binario — (Inform) binary system

    sistema de calefacción — heating, heating system

    sistema de fondo fijo — (Com) imprest system

    sistema frontal — (Meteo) front, frontal system

    sistema inmunitario, sistema inmunológico — immune system

    sistema rastreador — [en investigaciones espaciales] tracking system

    2) (=método) method

    yo por sistema lo hago así — I make it a rule to do it this way, I've got into the habit of doing it this way

    * * *
    1) ( método) system
    2) ( conjunto organizado) system

    el sistema educativo/impositivo — the education/tax system

    •
    * * *
    = framework, machinery, system, regime [régime], ways and means.
    Ex. The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex. We can choose to turn our backs on these principles with fatuous arguments which posit their anachronism and the nonexistent intelligence of computing machinery.
    Ex. The training of users of On-line Public Access Catalogues (OPACs) should be attuned to the characteristics of the system = La formación de usuarios de los catálogos en linea de acceso público (CEAP) debería estar en consonancia con las características del sistema.
    Ex. This study found that online access to scientific serials is most appropriate in the third world, principally due to the presence of a small number of scientists with a broad range of interests which makes the fixed-price regimes of print, microform or CD-ROM disadvantageous.
    Ex. Teachers need to be more familiar with bibliographical ways and means: librarians should be more aware of problems from the teachers' perspective and make active efforts to inform teachers of sources of help.
    ----
    * abusar del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.
    * activar un sistema = activate + system.
    * administrador del sistema = system administrator.
    * ADONIS (Distribución automática de documentos a través de sistemas de inform = ADONIS (Automated Document Delivery Over Networked Information Systems).
    * alterar el sistema = perturb + the system.
    * análisis de sistemas = system(s) analysis.
    * analista de sistemas = system(s) analyst.
    * analista de sistemas de gestión bibliotecaria = library systems analyst.
    * aprovecharse del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.
    * auditoría de sistemas = systems audit, systems auditing.
    * auditoría de sistemas de información = information systems auditing, information systems audit.
    * bibliotecario de sistemas = systems librarian.
    * brecha del sistema de seguridad = security leak.
    * brecha en el sistema de seguridad = security hole.
    * burlar el sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * caída del sistema = system crash.
    * catálogo del sistema = system catalogue.
    * Comité Conjunto para Sistemas de Información (JISC) = Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC).
    * configurador del sistema = system configurator.
    * controlador del sistema = system controller.
    * conversión al sistema decimal = decimalisation [decimalization, -USA].
    * conversión al sistema métrico = metrication.
    * convertir al sistema decimal = decimalise [decimalize, -USA].
    * copia de seguridad del sistema = system backup.
    * desafiar al sistema = beat + the system.
    * desarrollo de sistemas = system(s) development.
    * de todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * diseñador de sistemas = systems designer, system designer, system developer.
    * diseño de sistemas = systems design.
    * documentación del sistema = system documentation.
    * engañar al sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * en todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * entre el hombre y el sistema = human-system.
    * en varios sistemas = cross-system.
    * evaluación de sistemas = system(s) evaluation.
    * fichero de existencias del sistema = system holdings file.
    * fichero de usuarios del sistema = system user file.
    * funcionar por un sistema de turnos = work on + a rota system, work on + a rota, work + shifts.
    * interfaz usuario-sistema = user/system interface.
    * ir en contra del sistema = buck + the system.
    * ISDS (Sistema Internacional de Datos sobre Publicaciones Seriadas) = ISDS (International Serials Data System).
    * mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.
    * mostrar el prompt del sistema = prompt.
    * NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * nombre de acceso al sistema = system logon name.
    * organizar un sistema de turnos de + Nombre = organise + a rota of + Nombre.
    * PADIS (Sistema de Información para el Desarrollo de Africa) = PADIS (Pan-African Development Information System).
    * parecido a un sistema experto = expert-type.
    * promovido por el propio sistema de información = information-led.
    * prompt del sistema = system prompt.
    * propio del sistema = built-in.
    * protección del sistema = system security.
    * proveedor de sistemas = systems supplier, system supplier [systems supplier].
    * Proyecto para Sistemas Conectados (LSP) = Linked Systems Project (LSP).
    * responsable del sistema = system programmer.
    * seguridad del sistema = system security.
    * sistema abierto = open system.
    * sistema agrícola = farming system.
    * sistema anglosajón de medidas = imperial measures.
    * sistema anticuado = legacy system.
    * sistema antiguo = legacy system.
    * sistema antirrobo de libros = book security system, library security system.
    * sistema auditivo, el = auditory system, the.
    * sistema automatizado = data system, automated system, computerised system.
    * sistema automatizado de bibliotecas = automated library information system, library computer system.
    * sistema automatizado de indización = computer-based indexing system.
    * sistema automatizado de préstamo = automated lending system, computerised issue system.
    * sistema automatizado multimedia = multimedia computer system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación = computerised document retrieval system, computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de documentos = computerised document retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de información = computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado por microordenador = microcomputer-based system.
    * sistema bancario, el = banking system, the.
    * sistema basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-base system.
    * sistema basado en las imágenes = image-based system.
    * sistema bibliotecario = library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario automatizado = automated library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de un sólo tipo = single-type library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario nacional = national library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario regional = regional library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario universitario = university library system.
    * sistema + caerse = system + crash.
    * sistema cardiovascular = cardiovascular system.
    * sistema cerebroespinal, el = cerebrospinal system, the.
    * sistema circulatorio = circulatory system.
    * sistema comercial = market system, commercial system.
    * sistema de abastecimiento de agua = waterworks.
    * sistema de acceso mediante tarjeta = card access system.
    * sistema de aire acondicionado = air conditioning system, air cooling system.
    * sistema de alarma = alarm system, detection system.
    * sistema de alcantarillado = sewerage system, sewerage.
    * sistema de alerta = early warning system.
    * sistema de alerta de novedades tecnológicas = technology watch.
    * sistema de alerta temprana = early warning system.
    * sistema de alimentación = fuel system.
    * sistema de almacenamiento y recuperación de la información = information storage and retrieval system.
    * sistema de altas presiones = high-pressure system, ridge of high pressure.
    * sistema de alumbrado = lighting system.
    * sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support system, decision making system.
    * sistema de archivo = archiving system.
    * sistema de arranque = starting system.
    * sistema de asignaturas optativas = course elective system.
    * sistema de asistencia sanitaria = health care system.
    * sistema de autoedición = desktop system.
    * sistema de automatización de bibliotecas = library automation system.
    * sistema de aviso de reclamaciones = claims warning system.
    * sistema de ayuda = help system.
    * sistema de ayuda a la gestión = management support system (MSS).
    * sistema de bajas presiones = ridge of low pressure, low pressure system.
    * sistema de becas = grant scheme.
    * sistema de bibliotecas públicas = public library system.
    * sistema de búsqueda = paging system.
    * sistema de cableado = wiring system.
    * sistema de cables eléctricos = electrical wiring.
    * sistema de calefacción = heating system.
    * sistema de castas = caste system.
    * sistema de cierre = locking system.
    * sistema decimal = decimal system.
    * sistema de circulación automatizado = automated circulation system.
    * sistema de circulación del agua = water circulation system.
    * sistema de clases sociales = class system.
    * sistema de clasificación = classification scheme, scheme, classification system, classification schedules, grading system.
    * sistema de clasificación analítico = analytical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de Bliss = Bliss classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación decimal = decimal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LCC (Library of Congress Classification).
    * sistema de clasificación dicotomizado = dichotomized classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enciclopédica = general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enumerativo = enumerative classification scheme, enumerative scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación especializado = special classification scheme, special scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación facetado = faceted classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación general = general scheme, general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación jerárquico = hierarchical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación lineal = linear classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación multidimensional = multidimensional classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación por disciplinas = discipline-oriented scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación sintético = synthetic classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación universal = universal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación verbal = verbal classification system.
    * sistema de cobro por la información usada = information metering.
    * sistema de codificación = coding system.
    * sistema de compañías = companionship system.
    * sistema de comunicación = communication system.
    * sistema de comunicaciones = communication system.
    * Sistema de Comunicaciones y de Archivo Fotográfico (PACS) = Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS).
    * sistema de comunicación óptica = optical communication system.
    * Sistema de Comunicación por Paquetes (PSS) = Packet-Switching System (PSS).
    * sistema de conductos eléctricos = ducting system.
    * sistema de conferencia en línea = online conferencing system.
    * sistema de control = monitoring system, vetting system.
    * sistema de control de la salida = exit control system.
    * sistema de control de publicaciones seriadas = serials system, serials control system.
    * sistema de conversión de texto a voz = text-to-speech system.
    * sistema de copias de seguridad = backup system.
    * sistema de creencias = belief system.
    * sistema de criba = vetting system.
    * sistema de deducción de puntos = points system.
    * sistema de defensa = defence system.
    * sistema de detección = detection system.
    * sistema de detección de libros = book detection system.
    * sistema de digitalización de documentos = document imaging system.
    * sistema de discos ópticos = optical disc system.
    * sistema de distribución = distribution system.
    * sistema de drenaje = drainage system.
    * sistema de emergencia = backup supply, backup system.
    * sistema de emisión de gases = exhaust system.
    * sistema de emisión de humos = exhaust system.
    * sistema de encendido = ignition system.
    * sistema de entrada mediante tarjetas = card-entry system.
    * sistema de entrada múltiple = multiple entry system.
    * sistema de entrada única = single entry system.
    * sistema de escritura = writing system.
    * sistema de evaluación = rating system.
    * sistema de evaluación anónima = double-blind.
    * sistema de evaluación por paresanónima = double-blind refereeing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios mediante rociadores de agua = water sprinkler fire extinguishing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios = fire extinguishing system, extinguishing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios mediante gas halón = halon gas fire extinguishing system.
    * sistema de facturación = billing system.
    * sistema de facturación por uso = cost billing system.
    * sistema defensivo = defence system.
    * sistema de fichas = card based system.
    * sistema de fichas peek-a-boo = peek-a-boo system.
    * sistema de frenado = brake system, braking system.
    * sistema de frenado antibloqueo = antilock braking system.
    * sistema de frenos = brake system, braking system.
    * sistema de géneros = sex/gender system.
    * sistema de gestión bibliotecaria = library system, library management system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos electrónicos = electronic document management system (EDMS).
    * sistema de gestión de imágenes = imaging system, image-based system, image management system.
    * sistema de gestión de la información (SGI) = information management system (IMS).
    * sistema de gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management system (KMS).
    * Sistema de Gestión de Mensajes (MHS) = Message Handling System (MHS).
    * sistema de gestión de registros = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión documental = information retrieval system (IRS), record(s) system.
    * sistema de gobierno = polity.
    * sistema de iluminación = lighting system.
    * sistema de incentivos = reward system, system of incentives [incentive system].
    * sistema de indización = indexing system, index system.
    * sistema de indización con conservación del contexto (PRECIS) = PRECIS.
    * Sistema de Indización de Estructura Profunda (DSIS) = Deep Structure Indexing System (DSIS).
    * sistema de indización de fichas = card index system.
    * Sistema de Indización por Frases Anidadas (NEPHIS) = Nested Phrase Indexing System (NEPHIS).
    * sistema de indización postcoordinada = post-coordinate indexing system.
    * sistema de indización PRECIS = PRECIS indexing system.
    * sistema de indización precoordinada = pre-coordinate indexing system.
    * sistema de información = information system.
    * Sistema de Información Bibliotecario = LIBRIS.
    * sistema de información documental = document information system.
    * Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) = Geographic Information System (GIS).
    * sistema de información integrado = integrated information system.
    * sistema de información sectorial = sectoral information system.
    * Sistema de Información sobre Literatura Gris en Europa (SIGLE) = SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe).
    * sistema + dejar de funcionar = system + crash.
    * sistema de justicia penal = criminal justice system.
    * sistema de la ciencia, el = system of science, the.
    * sistema de lápiz óptico = data pen system.
    * sistema de llave en mano = turnkey system, turnkey software system.
    * sistema de lógica difusa = fuzzy system.
    * sistema del olfato = olfactory system.
    * sistema de medición de los recursos usados = metering system.
    * sistema de megafonía = public address system.
    * sistema de mercado = market system.
    * sistema de multas = fines system.
    * sistema de multiusuarios = multi-user system.
    * sistema de notas = grading system.
    * sistema de numeración = numbering scheme, numbering system.
    * sistema de petición de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de préstamo = circulation system, issue system, lending system, book checking system, charge out system, library issue system.
    * sistema de préstamo automatizado = automated circulation system.
    * sistema de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlibrary loan system.
    * sistema de presupuestación mediante planificación y programación = planning programming budgeting system (PPBS).
    * sistema de primas = bonus scheme.
    * sistema de procesamiento de información = information processing system.
    * sistema de proceso de datos = data processing system.
    * sistema de proceso de imágenes = imaging system.
    * sistema de puntuación = point system.
    * sistema de reclamaciones = chasing system.
    * sistema de recompensa = reward system.
    * sistema de reconocimiento académico = academic reward(s) system.
    * sistema de recuperación = retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de imágenes = image retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información = IR system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información por medio de menús = menu-based information retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación por relevancia = relevance system.
    * sistema de referencia = reference system, reference system.
    * sistema de referencia por coordenadas = grid reference.
    * sistema de refrigeración = cooling system.
    * sistema de registro = recording system.
    * sistema de reservas = booking system.
    * sistema de retransmisión = relay system.
    * sistema de rociadores de agua = sprinkler system, water sprinkler system.
    * sistema de saneamiento = sewerage system, sewerage.
    * sistema de seguimiento = monitoring system.
    * sistema de seguridad = security system, backup system.
    * sistema de selección = vetting system.
    * sistema de sonido cuadrafónico = quadrophonic system.
    * sistema de suministro de documentos = document supply system.
    * sistema de suministro de información = information supply system.
    * sistema de tarifas = charging system.
    * sistema de telecomunicaciones = telecommunication system.
    * sistema de televisión en color = colour system.
    * sistema de tiempo real = real-time system.
    * sistema de traducción automatizada = machine translation system.
    * sistema de transferencia de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de transmisión de mensajes = messaging system.
    * sistema de transporte = transport system.
    * sistema de transporte público = public transport system.
    * sistema de tratamiento de imágenes = image processing system.
    * sistema de trueque, el = barter system, the.
    * sistema de tubos neumáticos = pneumatic tube system.
    * sistema de turnos = rota system.
    * sistema de valores = system of values, value system.
    * sistema de valores personales = personal value system.
    * sistema de valores sociales = social value system.
    * sistema de ventilación = ventilation system.
    * sistema de vídeodisco = video disc system.
    * Sistema de Vídeo Familiar (VHS) = VHS (Video Home System).
    * sistema de videotexto = videotext system.
    * sistema de videotexto público = public viewdata system.
    * sistema de vigilancia = surveillance system.
    * sistema de vigilancia electrónica = electronic surveillance system.
    * sistema digestivo = digestive system.
    * sistema documental = documentary system.
    * sistema económico = economic system.
    * sistema educativo = educational system, education system.
    * sistema electoral = electoral system.
    * sistema eléctrico = electrical system.
    * sistema electrónico de detección de robos = electronic theft detection system.
    * sistema endocrino, el = endocrine system, the.
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * sistema energético = energy system.
    * sistema en lenguaje natural = natural language system.
    * sistema en línea = online system.
    * sistema en red = network system.
    * sistema en uso = operational system.
    * sistema escolar, el = school system, the.
    * sistema ético = ethical system.
    * sistema experto = expert system, knowledge-base system.
    * Sistema General de Ordenación (SGO) = Broad System of Ordering (BSO).
    * sistema híbrido = hybrid system.
    * sistema ideológico = system of thought.
    * sistema informático = computing system, computer system.
    * sistema informático hecho por encargo = tailored system.
    * sistema inmunológico = immune system.
    * sistema integrado = integrated system.
    * sistema integrado de gestión bibliotecaria = integrated library package.
    * sistema inteligente = intelligent system.
    * sistema interactivo = interactive system.
    * sistema interactivo en línea = interactive online system.
    * sistema intermediario = backend system.
    * Sistema Internacional de Información sobre Agricultura (AGRIS) = AGRIS (International Agricultural Information System).
    * Sistema Internacional de Unidades, el = International System of Units, the.
    * sistema judicial = judicial system.
    * sistema legal, el = legal system, the.
    * sistema mercantil = market system.
    * sistema mercantilista = mercantile system.
    * sistema métrico decimal, el = metric system, the, decimal metric system, the.
    * sistema métrico, el = metric system, the.
    * sistema monetario = coinage.
    * sistema monetario, el = coinage system, the.
    * Sistema Monetario Europeo = European Monetary System.
    * sistema nervioso = nervous system.
    * sistema nervioso central = central nervous system.
    * sistema nervioso periférico = peripheral nervous system.
    * sistema numérico = numbering scheme, numbering system.
    * sistema obsoleto = legacy system.
    * sistema ofimático = office system.
    * sistema olfativo = olfactory system.
    * sistema operativo = operating system, operational system, computer operating system.
    * sistema operativo de disco = Disc Operating System (DOS).
    * sistema óptico = optical system, optical system.
    * sistema óptico de información = optical information system.
    * sistema orgánico = organ system.
    * sistema organizativo = organisational scheme, organisation scheme.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos = markup code.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup system.
    * sistema para información geográfica (SIG) = Geographical Information System (GIS).
    * sistema para la información de gestión = management information system (MIS).
    * Sistema para la Información Geográfica (SIG) = Geographic Information System (GIS).
    * sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.
    * sistema penal = penal system.
    * sistema penitenciario = penal system.
    * sistema personal = home system.
    * sistema político = political system.
    * sistema político unipartidista = one-party rule.
    * sistema precoordinado = pre-coordinate system.
    * sistema respiratorio = respiratory system.
    * sistema social = social system.
    * sistema solar, el = solar system, the.
    * sistema + venirse abajo = system + crash.
    * sistema virtual de gestión de cursos = course management system.
    * teoría de sistemas = systems theory.
    * vendedor de sistemas = systems vendor.
    * volver a levantar el sistema = restart.
    * * *
    1) ( método) system
    2) ( conjunto organizado) system

    el sistema educativo/impositivo — the education/tax system

    •
    * * *
    = framework, machinery, system, regime [régime], ways and means.

    Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.

    Ex: We can choose to turn our backs on these principles with fatuous arguments which posit their anachronism and the nonexistent intelligence of computing machinery.
    Ex: The training of users of On-line Public Access Catalogues (OPACs) should be attuned to the characteristics of the system = La formación de usuarios de los catálogos en linea de acceso público (CEAP) debería estar en consonancia con las características del sistema.
    Ex: This study found that online access to scientific serials is most appropriate in the third world, principally due to the presence of a small number of scientists with a broad range of interests which makes the fixed-price regimes of print, microform or CD-ROM disadvantageous.
    Ex: Teachers need to be more familiar with bibliographical ways and means: librarians should be more aware of problems from the teachers' perspective and make active efforts to inform teachers of sources of help.
    * abusar del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.
    * activar un sistema = activate + system.
    * administrador del sistema = system administrator.
    * ADONIS (Distribución automática de documentos a través de sistemas de inform = ADONIS (Automated Document Delivery Over Networked Information Systems).
    * alterar el sistema = perturb + the system.
    * análisis de sistemas = system(s) analysis.
    * analista de sistemas = system(s) analyst.
    * analista de sistemas de gestión bibliotecaria = library systems analyst.
    * aprovecharse del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.
    * auditoría de sistemas = systems audit, systems auditing.
    * auditoría de sistemas de información = information systems auditing, information systems audit.
    * bibliotecario de sistemas = systems librarian.
    * brecha del sistema de seguridad = security leak.
    * brecha en el sistema de seguridad = security hole.
    * burlar el sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * caída del sistema = system crash.
    * catálogo del sistema = system catalogue.
    * Comité Conjunto para Sistemas de Información (JISC) = Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC).
    * configurador del sistema = system configurator.
    * controlador del sistema = system controller.
    * conversión al sistema decimal = decimalisation [decimalization, -USA].
    * conversión al sistema métrico = metrication.
    * convertir al sistema decimal = decimalise [decimalize, -USA].
    * copia de seguridad del sistema = system backup.
    * desafiar al sistema = beat + the system.
    * desarrollo de sistemas = system(s) development.
    * de todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * diseñador de sistemas = systems designer, system designer, system developer.
    * diseño de sistemas = systems design.
    * documentación del sistema = system documentation.
    * engañar al sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * en todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * entre el hombre y el sistema = human-system.
    * en varios sistemas = cross-system.
    * evaluación de sistemas = system(s) evaluation.
    * fichero de existencias del sistema = system holdings file.
    * fichero de usuarios del sistema = system user file.
    * funcionar por un sistema de turnos = work on + a rota system, work on + a rota, work + shifts.
    * interfaz usuario-sistema = user/system interface.
    * ir en contra del sistema = buck + the system.
    * ISDS (Sistema Internacional de Datos sobre Publicaciones Seriadas) = ISDS (International Serials Data System).
    * mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.
    * mostrar el prompt del sistema = prompt.
    * NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * nombre de acceso al sistema = system logon name.
    * organizar un sistema de turnos de + Nombre = organise + a rota of + Nombre.
    * PADIS (Sistema de Información para el Desarrollo de Africa) = PADIS (Pan-African Development Information System).
    * parecido a un sistema experto = expert-type.
    * promovido por el propio sistema de información = information-led.
    * prompt del sistema = system prompt.
    * propio del sistema = built-in.
    * protección del sistema = system security.
    * proveedor de sistemas = systems supplier, system supplier [systems supplier].
    * Proyecto para Sistemas Conectados (LSP) = Linked Systems Project (LSP).
    * responsable del sistema = system programmer.
    * seguridad del sistema = system security.
    * sistema abierto = open system.
    * sistema agrícola = farming system.
    * sistema anglosajón de medidas = imperial measures.
    * sistema anticuado = legacy system.
    * sistema antiguo = legacy system.
    * sistema antirrobo de libros = book security system, library security system.
    * sistema auditivo, el = auditory system, the.
    * sistema automatizado = data system, automated system, computerised system.
    * sistema automatizado de bibliotecas = automated library information system, library computer system.
    * sistema automatizado de indización = computer-based indexing system.
    * sistema automatizado de préstamo = automated lending system, computerised issue system.
    * sistema automatizado multimedia = multimedia computer system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación = computerised document retrieval system, computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de documentos = computerised document retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de información = computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado por microordenador = microcomputer-based system.
    * sistema bancario, el = banking system, the.
    * sistema basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-base system.
    * sistema basado en las imágenes = image-based system.
    * sistema bibliotecario = library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario automatizado = automated library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de un sólo tipo = single-type library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario nacional = national library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario regional = regional library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario universitario = university library system.
    * sistema + caerse = system + crash.
    * sistema cardiovascular = cardiovascular system.
    * sistema cerebroespinal, el = cerebrospinal system, the.
    * sistema circulatorio = circulatory system.
    * sistema comercial = market system, commercial system.
    * sistema de abastecimiento de agua = waterworks.
    * sistema de acceso mediante tarjeta = card access system.
    * sistema de aire acondicionado = air conditioning system, air cooling system.
    * sistema de alarma = alarm system, detection system.
    * sistema de alcantarillado = sewerage system, sewerage.
    * sistema de alerta = early warning system.
    * sistema de alerta de novedades tecnológicas = technology watch.
    * sistema de alerta temprana = early warning system.
    * sistema de alimentación = fuel system.
    * sistema de almacenamiento y recuperación de la información = information storage and retrieval system.
    * sistema de altas presiones = high-pressure system, ridge of high pressure.
    * sistema de alumbrado = lighting system.
    * sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support system, decision making system.
    * sistema de archivo = archiving system.
    * sistema de arranque = starting system.
    * sistema de asignaturas optativas = course elective system.
    * sistema de asistencia sanitaria = health care system.
    * sistema de autoedición = desktop system.
    * sistema de automatización de bibliotecas = library automation system.
    * sistema de aviso de reclamaciones = claims warning system.
    * sistema de ayuda = help system.
    * sistema de ayuda a la gestión = management support system (MSS).
    * sistema de bajas presiones = ridge of low pressure, low pressure system.
    * sistema de becas = grant scheme.
    * sistema de bibliotecas públicas = public library system.
    * sistema de búsqueda = paging system.
    * sistema de cableado = wiring system.
    * sistema de cables eléctricos = electrical wiring.
    * sistema de calefacción = heating system.
    * sistema de castas = caste system.
    * sistema de cierre = locking system.
    * sistema decimal = decimal system.
    * sistema de circulación automatizado = automated circulation system.
    * sistema de circulación del agua = water circulation system.
    * sistema de clases sociales = class system.
    * sistema de clasificación = classification scheme, scheme, classification system, classification schedules, grading system.
    * sistema de clasificación analítico = analytical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de Bliss = Bliss classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación decimal = decimal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LCC (Library of Congress Classification).
    * sistema de clasificación dicotomizado = dichotomized classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enciclopédica = general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enumerativo = enumerative classification scheme, enumerative scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación especializado = special classification scheme, special scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación facetado = faceted classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación general = general scheme, general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación jerárquico = hierarchical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación lineal = linear classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación multidimensional = multidimensional classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación por disciplinas = discipline-oriented scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación sintético = synthetic classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación universal = universal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación verbal = verbal classification system.
    * sistema de cobro por la información usada = information metering.
    * sistema de codificación = coding system.
    * sistema de compañías = companionship system.
    * sistema de comunicación = communication system.
    * sistema de comunicaciones = communication system.
    * Sistema de Comunicaciones y de Archivo Fotográfico (PACS) = Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS).
    * sistema de comunicación óptica = optical communication system.
    * Sistema de Comunicación por Paquetes (PSS) = Packet-Switching System (PSS).
    * sistema de conductos eléctricos = ducting system.
    * sistema de conferencia en línea = online conferencing system.
    * sistema de control = monitoring system, vetting system.
    * sistema de control de la salida = exit control system.
    * sistema de control de publicaciones seriadas = serials system, serials control system.
    * sistema de conversión de texto a voz = text-to-speech system.
    * sistema de copias de seguridad = backup system.
    * sistema de creencias = belief system.
    * sistema de criba = vetting system.
    * sistema de deducción de puntos = points system.
    * sistema de defensa = defence system.
    * sistema de detección = detection system.
    * sistema de detección de libros = book detection system.
    * sistema de digitalización de documentos = document imaging system.
    * sistema de discos ópticos = optical disc system.
    * sistema de distribución = distribution system.
    * sistema de drenaje = drainage system.
    * sistema de emergencia = backup supply, backup system.
    * sistema de emisión de gases = exhaust system.
    * sistema de emisión de humos = exhaust system.
    * sistema de encendido = ignition system.
    * sistema de entrada mediante tarjetas = card-entry system.
    * sistema de entrada múltiple = multiple entry system.
    * sistema de entrada única = single entry system.
    * sistema de escritura = writing system.
    * sistema de evaluación = rating system.
    * sistema de evaluación anónima = double-blind.
    * sistema de evaluación por paresanónima = double-blind refereeing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios mediante rociadores de agua = water sprinkler fire extinguishing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios = fire extinguishing system, extinguishing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios mediante gas halón = halon gas fire extinguishing system.
    * sistema de facturación = billing system.
    * sistema de facturación por uso = cost billing system.
    * sistema defensivo = defence system.
    * sistema de fichas = card based system.
    * sistema de fichas peek-a-boo = peek-a-boo system.
    * sistema de frenado = brake system, braking system.
    * sistema de frenado antibloqueo = antilock braking system.
    * sistema de frenos = brake system, braking system.
    * sistema de géneros = sex/gender system.
    * sistema de gestión bibliotecaria = library system, library management system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos electrónicos = electronic document management system (EDMS).
    * sistema de gestión de imágenes = imaging system, image-based system, image management system.
    * sistema de gestión de la información (SGI) = information management system (IMS).
    * sistema de gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management system (KMS).
    * Sistema de Gestión de Mensajes (MHS) = Message Handling System (MHS).
    * sistema de gestión de registros = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión documental = information retrieval system (IRS), record(s) system.
    * sistema de gobierno = polity.
    * sistema de iluminación = lighting system.
    * sistema de incentivos = reward system, system of incentives [incentive system].
    * sistema de indización = indexing system, index system.
    * sistema de indización con conservación del contexto (PRECIS) = PRECIS.
    * Sistema de Indización de Estructura Profunda (DSIS) = Deep Structure Indexing System (DSIS).
    * sistema de indización de fichas = card index system.
    * Sistema de Indización por Frases Anidadas (NEPHIS) = Nested Phrase Indexing System (NEPHIS).
    * sistema de indización postcoordinada = post-coordinate indexing system.
    * sistema de indización PRECIS = PRECIS indexing system.
    * sistema de indización precoordinada = pre-coordinate indexing system.
    * sistema de información = information system.
    * Sistema de Información Bibliotecario = LIBRIS.
    * sistema de información documental = document information system.
    * Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) = Geographic Information System (GIS).
    * sistema de información integrado = integrated information system.
    * sistema de información sectorial = sectoral information system.
    * Sistema de Información sobre Literatura Gris en Europa (SIGLE) = SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe).
    * sistema + dejar de funcionar = system + crash.
    * sistema de justicia penal = criminal justice system.
    * sistema de la ciencia, el = system of science, the.
    * sistema de lápiz óptico = data pen system.
    * sistema de llave en mano = turnkey system, turnkey software system.
    * sistema de lógica difusa = fuzzy system.
    * sistema del olfato = olfactory system.
    * sistema de medición de los recursos usados = metering system.
    * sistema de megafonía = public address system.
    * sistema de mercado = market system.
    * sistema de multas = fines system.
    * sistema de multiusuarios = multi-user system.
    * sistema de notas = grading system.
    * sistema de numeración = numbering scheme, numbering system.
    * sistema de petición de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de préstamo = circulation system, issue system, lending system, book checking system, charge out system, library issue system.
    * sistema de préstamo automatizado = automated circulation system.
    * sistema de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlibrary loan system.
    * sistema de presupuestación mediante planificación y programación = planning programming budgeting system (PPBS).
    * sistema de primas = bonus scheme.
    * sistema de procesamiento de información = information processing system.
    * sistema de proceso de datos = data processing system.
    * sistema de proceso de imágenes = imaging system.
    * sistema de puntuación = point system.
    * sistema de reclamaciones = chasing system.
    * sistema de recompensa = reward system.
    * sistema de reconocimiento académico = academic reward(s) system.
    * sistema de recuperación = retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de imágenes = image retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información = IR system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información por medio de menús = menu-based information retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación por relevancia = relevance system.
    * sistema de referencia = reference system, reference system.
    * sistema de referencia por coordenadas = grid reference.
    * sistema de refrigeración = cooling system.
    * sistema de registro = recording system.
    * sistema de reservas = booking system.
    * sistema de retransmisión = relay system.
    * sistema de rociadores de agua = sprinkler system, water sprinkler system.
    * sistema de saneamiento = sewerage system, sewerage.
    * sistema de seguimiento = monitoring system.
    * sistema de seguridad = security system, backup system.
    * sistema de selección = vetting system.
    * sistema de sonido cuadrafónico = quadrophonic system.
    * sistema de suministro de documentos = document supply system.
    * sistema de suministro de información = information supply system.
    * sistema de tarifas = charging system.
    * sistema de telecomunicaciones = telecommunication system.
    * sistema de televisión en color = colour system.
    * sistema de tiempo real = real-time system.
    * sistema de traducción automatizada = machine translation system.
    * sistema de transferencia de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de transmisión de mensajes = messaging system.
    * sistema de transporte = transport system.
    * sistema de transporte público = public transport system.
    * sistema de tratamiento de imágenes = image processing system.
    * sistema de trueque, el = barter system, the.
    * sistema de tubos neumáticos = pneumatic tube system.
    * sistema de turnos = rota system.
    * sistema de valores = system of values, value system.
    * sistema de valores personales = personal value system.
    * sistema de valores sociales = social value system.
    * sistema de ventilación = ventilation system.
    * sistema de vídeodisco = video disc system.
    * Sistema de Vídeo Familiar (VHS) = VHS (Video Home System).
    * sistema de videotexto = videotext system.
    * sistema de videotexto público = public viewdata system.
    * sistema de vigilancia = surveillance system.
    * sistema de vigilancia electrónica = electronic surveillance system.
    * sistema digestivo = digestive system.
    * sistema documental = documentary system.
    * sistema económico = economic system.
    * sistema educativo = educational system, education system.
    * sistema electoral = electoral system.
    * sistema eléctrico = electrical system.
    * sistema electrónico de detección de robos = electronic theft detection system.
    * sistema endocrino, el = endocrine system, the.
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * sistema energético = energy system.
    * sistema en lenguaje natural = natural language system.
    * sistema en línea = online system.
    * sistema en red = network system.
    * sistema en uso = operational system.
    * sistema escolar, el = school system, the.
    * sistema ético = ethical system.
    * sistema experto = expert system, knowledge-base system.
    * Sistema General de Ordenación (SGO) = Broad System of Ordering (BSO).
    * sistema híbrido = hybrid system.
    * sistema ideológico = system of thought.
    * sistema informático = computing system, computer system.
    * sistema informático hecho por encargo = tailored system.
    * sistema inmunológico = immune system.
    * sistema integrado = integrated system.
    * sistema integrado de gestión bibliotecaria = integrated library package.
    * sistema inteligente = intelligent system.
    * sistema interactivo = interactive system.
    * sistema interactivo en línea = interactive online system.
    * sistema intermediario = backend system.
    * Sistema Internacional de Información sobre Agricultura (AGRIS) = AGRIS (International Agricultural Information System).
    * Sistema Internacional de Unidades, el = International System of Units, the.
    * sistema judicial = judicial system.
    * sistema legal, el = legal system, the.
    * sistema mercantil = market system.
    * sistema mercantilista = mercantile system.
    * sistema métrico decimal, el = metric system, the, decimal metric system, the.
    * sistema métrico, el = metric system, the.
    * sistema monetario = coinage.
    * sistema monetario, el = coinage system, the.
    * Sistema Monetario Europeo = European Monetary System.
    * sistema nervioso = nervous system.
    * sistema nervioso central = central nervous system.
    * sistema nervioso periférico = peripheral nervous system.
    * sistema numérico = numbering scheme, numbering system.
    * sistema obsoleto = legacy system.
    * sistema ofimático = office system.
    * sistema olfativo = olfactory system.
    * sistema operativo = operating system, operational system, computer operating system.
    * sistema operativo de disco = Disc Operating System (DOS).
    * sistema óptico = optical system, optical system.
    * sistema óptico de información = optical information system.
    * sistema orgánico = organ system.
    * sistema organizativo = organisational scheme, organisation scheme.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos = markup code.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup system.
    * sistema para información geográfica (SIG) = Geographical Information System (GIS).
    * sistema para la información de gestión = management information system (MIS).
    * Sistema para la Información Geográfica (SIG) = Geographic Information System (GIS).
    * sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.
    * sistema penal = penal system.
    * sistema penitenciario = penal system.
    * sistema personal = home system.
    * sistema político = political system.
    * sistema político unipartidista = one-party rule.
    * sistema precoordinado = pre-coordinate system.
    * sistema respiratorio = respiratory system.
    * sistema social = social system.
    * sistema solar, el = solar system, the.
    * sistema + venirse abajo = system + crash.
    * sistema virtual de gestión de cursos = course management system.
    * teoría de sistemas = systems theory.
    * vendedor de sistemas = systems vendor.
    * volver a levantar el sistema = restart.

    * * *
    A (método) system
    necesitamos un nuevo sistema we need a new way of doing things o a new system
    trabajar con sistema to work systematically o methodically
    él se opone a todo lo que yo propongo, por sistema he systematically o invariably opposes everything I propose, as a matter of course he opposes everything I propose
    B
    el sistema educativo/impositivo the education/tax system
    el sistema de calefacción the heating system
    2 ( Inf) system
    entrar en or al sistema to log in o on
    salir del sistema to log out o off
    Compuestos:
    ( Mil) Electronic Counter Measures
    distribution system
    set of simultaneous equations
    satellite navegation system
    through-ticketing
    expert system
    metric system
    European Monetary System
    mountain range
    nervous system
    central nervous system
    operating system
    disk operating system
    solar system
    ( Esp) through-ticketing
    * * *

     

    sistema sustantivo masculino
    1 ( método) system;
    ◊ trabajar con sistema to work systematically o methodically

    2 ( conjunto organizado) system;

    sistema solar solar system;
    Ssistema Monetario Europeo European Monetary System
    3 (Inf) system;
    ◊ entrar en el/salir del sistema to log on/off

    sistema sustantivo masculino
    1 system
    sistema circulatorio, circulatory system
    sistema operativo, operating system
    2 (modo) tenemos que buscar un sistema para hacerlo, we have to find a way to do it
    ♦ Locuciones: por sistema, as a rule
    ' sistema' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bicameral
    - decimal
    - dicotomía
    - educativa
    - educativo
    - enseñanza
    - inconveniente
    - instrumentación
    - inutilizar
    - LOGSE
    - métrica
    - métrico
    - monetaria
    - monetario
    - obsoleta
    - obsoleto
    - perfección
    - poner
    - refrigeración
    - salir
    - simulador
    - simuladora
    - SME
    - SMI
    - solar
    - subsistir
    - sufragio
    - tributación
    - tributaria
    - tributario
    - vía
    - vídeo
    - afianzar
    - afiliarse
    - alfabetizar
    - aparato
    - aplicar
    - cómodo
    - complicado
    - defecto
    - desbaratar
    - ejido
    - escritura
    - falla
    - fórmula
    - funcionamiento
    - impositivo
    - inadecuado
    - ineficaz
    - ingeniar
    English:
    advanced
    - Amtrak
    - antilock braking system
    - backup
    - change over
    - decimal system
    - develop
    - development
    - diagram
    - DOS
    - efficient
    - electronic
    - establishment
    - European Monetary System
    - flagship
    - glitch
    - GPA
    - imperial mile
    - instal
    - install
    - institute
    - log in
    - log off
    - log on
    - log out
    - machinery
    - metric
    - MIS
    - nervous system
    - operating system
    - operational
    - PA
    - piecemeal
    - plumbing
    - pony express
    - process
    - respiratory system
    - retrieval
    - sanitary
    - service
    - set-up
    - sewerage
    - system
    - tax system
    - unsystematic
    - unsystematically
    - comprehensive
    - day
    - decimalization
    - down
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [conjunto ordenado] system
    sistema de apertura retardada time lock;
    sistema de apoyo support system;
    el sistema bancario the banking system;
    Astron sistema binario [de estrellas] binary system;
    sistema cegesimal [de unidades] CGS system;
    el Sistema Central = Spanish central mountain range;
    sistema de coordenadas coordinate system;
    sistema decimal decimal system;
    TV sistema dual bilingual broadcasting;
    sistema fiscal tax system;
    el Sistema Ibérico the Iberian chain;
    sistema impositivo tax system;
    sistema métrico (decimal) metric (decimal) system;
    Sistema Monetario Europeo European Monetary System;
    sistema montañoso mountain chain o range;
    sistema periódico (de los elementos) periodic table (of elements);
    sistema planetario planetary system;
    sistema político political system;
    sistema de referencia frame of reference;
    sistema de seguridad security system;
    sistema solar solar system;
    sistema de transportes transport system;
    sistema tributario tax system
    2. Anat system
    sistema cardiovascular cardiovascular system;
    sistema circulatorio circulatory system;
    sistema endocrino endocrine system;
    sistema inmunológico immune system;
    sistema linfático lymphatic system;
    sistema nervioso nervous system;
    sistema nervioso central central nervous system
    3. [método, orden] method;
    trabajar con sistema to work methodically
    4. Informát system
    sistema de alimentación ininterrumpida uninterruptible power supply;
    sistema de almacenamiento storage system;
    sistema de archivos jerárquicos hierarchical file system;
    sistema de autor authoring system;
    sistema binario binary system;
    sistema experto expert system;
    sistema de gestión de bases de datos database management system;
    sistema hexadecimal hexadecimal system, base 16;
    sistema multiprocesador multiprocessor system;
    sistema multiusuario multi-user system;
    sistema de nombres de dominio domain name system;
    sistema operativo operating system
    5. Ling system
    ♦ por sistema loc adv
    systematically;
    me lleva la contraria por sistema he always argues with everything I say
    SISTEMA EDUCATIVO
    The Spanish education system starts with free nursery school from 3 to 6. This is followed by primary school from 6 to 12, and compulsory secondary education from 12 to 16, successful completion of which entitles pupils to a “secondary school diploma”. There is then a choice of a general course of study (“bachillerato”) or a technical one, both of two years. The bachillerato allows access to university courses, which can lead to a diploma or degree. In Latin America, there is great variation in educational provision from country to country. The end of compulsory education ranges from age 11 in Honduras to 16 in Peru, though in most countries it is between 13 and 15. Actual enrolment in primary school is high, even in the poorer countries, but about a third of secondary-school-age Latin American children are not actually enrolled. In a poor country such as Guatemala this rises to two-thirds, compared with the high level of secondary enrolment in Argentina, Chile or Cuba.
    * * *
    m system
    * * *
    : system
    * * *
    sistema n system

    Spanish-English dictionary > sistema

  • 19 curso

    m.
    1 year.
    2 course (lecciones).
    un curso de inglés/informática an English/computing course
    curso por correspondencia correspondence course
    curso intensivo crash course
    3 textbook (texto, manual).
    4 course (dirección) (de río, acontecimientos).
    dar curso a algo to give free rein to something; (dar rienda suelta) to process o deal with something (tramitar)
    en el curso de una semana ha habido tres accidentes there have been three accidents in the course of a week
    la situación comenzará a mejorar en el curso de un año the situation will begin to improve within a year
    en curso current; (mes, año) in progress (trabajo)
    seguir su curso to go on, to continue
    5 trend, development.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: cursar.
    * * *
    1 (dirección) course, direction
    2 EDUCACIÓN (nivel) year, class; (materia) course; (escolar) school year
    ■ ¿cuándo empieza el curso? when do classes start?
    3 (río) flow, current
    \
    dar curso a algo (tramitar) to deal with something 2 (dar libertad) to give free rein to something
    dejar que las cosas sigan su curso figurado to let things take their course
    en el curso de... figurado during the course of...
    estar en curso figurado to be under way
    año en curso current year
    curso acelerado crash course
    mes en curso current month
    moneda de curso legal legal tender
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Escol, Univ) (=año escolar) year; (=clase) year, class ( esp EEUU)

    los alumnos del segundo curso — second year pupils, the second years

    curso escolar — school year, academic year

    2) (=estudios) course

    apertura/clausura de curso — beginning/end of term

    curso acelerado — crash course, intensive course

    curso intensivo — crash course, intensive course

    3) [de río] course

    curso de agua, curso fluvial — watercourse

    4) (=desarrollo) course

    • en curso, el proceso judicial está en curso — the case is under way o in progress

    el año en curso — the present year, the current year

    • en el curso de, en el curso de la entrevista — during the interview, in o during the course of the interview

    5) frm

    • dar curso a algo, dar curso a una solicitud — to deal with an application

    dar libre curso a algo: dio libre curso a sus pensamientos — he gave free rein to his thoughts

    6) (Com)
    * * *
    1) (Educ)
    a) ( año académico) year

    el curso escolar/universitario — the academic year

    b) ( clases) course
    c) ( grupo de alumnos) year
    2)
    a) (transcurso, desarrollo) course

    el año/el mes en curso — (frml) the current year/month (frml)

    dar curso a algo — (a una instancia/solicitud) to start to process something; ( a la imaginación) to give free rein to something

    b) ( de río) course

    monedas/billetes de curso legal — legal tender, legal currency

    * * *
    1) (Educ)
    a) ( año académico) year

    el curso escolar/universitario — the academic year

    b) ( clases) course
    c) ( grupo de alumnos) year
    2)
    a) (transcurso, desarrollo) course

    el año/el mes en curso — (frml) the current year/month (frml)

    dar curso a algo — (a una instancia/solicitud) to start to process something; ( a la imaginación) to give free rein to something

    b) ( de río) course

    monedas/billetes de curso legal — legal tender, legal currency

    * * *
    curso1
    1 = course, taught course, year, course unit, grade.

    Ex: Earlier in this course we defined a compound subject as consisting, at the level of summarization, of a basic subject and two or more of its isolates.

    Ex: During the early 1970s European studies became a fashionable growth area boosted by the trend towards inter-disciplinarity in taught courses.
    Ex: General lectures to a whole year, or even several courses, are supplemented with more specialised tutorials or practicals, frequently in small groups.
    Ex: This paper discusses the library education programme in the 1st library school in Nigeria to offer the course unit system as operated in the USA.
    Ex: Each grade tackles a different genre e.g. fifth graders read historical fiction.
    * alumno de cuarto curso = fourth grader.
    * alumno de primer curso = first grader.
    * alumno de quinto curso = fifth grader.
    * alumno de segundo curso = second grader.
    * alumno de séptimo curso = seventh grader.
    * alumno de sexto curso = sixth grader.
    * alumno de tercer curso = third grader.
    * alumno de un curso = grader.
    * asistir a un curso = attend + course.
    * bibliografía recomendada para el curso = course reading.
    * calificación del curso = course grade.
    * celebrar un curso especial = hold + institute.
    * curso académico = academic course.
    * curso acelerado = crash course.
    * curso a distancia = telecourse.
    * curso a tiempo completo = full-time course.
    * curso con créditos = credit course.
    * curso de clases magistrales = lecture course.
    * curso de diplomatura = undergraduate course, honours course.
    * curso de formación = training course.
    * curso de formación continua = continuing education course.
    * curso de iniciación = induction course.
    * curso de licenciatura = postgraduate course.
    * curso de orientación = orientation.
    * curso de reciclaje = refresher course, retraining course.
    * curso de verano = summer institute, summer session.
    * curso escolar = school year.
    * curso inferior = junior class.
    * curso intensivo = intensive course, crash course.
    * curso intensivo con residencia = residential programme.
    * curso introductorio = induction course.
    * curso mixto de clases y práctica en la empresa = sandwich course.
    * curso modular = modular course.
    * curso para alumnos con matrícula libre = part-time course.
    * curso por correspondencia = correspondence course.
    * curso que abarca varias disciplinas = umbrella course.
    * curso que tiene lugar fuera de la universidad = extension course, off-campus course.
    * cursos = coursework [course work].
    * cursos de gestión de información = management course.
    * cursos de verano = summer school.
    * cursos en línea = courseware.
    * curso superior = senior class.
    * cursos virtuales = courseware.
    * demasiado mayor para su curso = overage for grade.
    * director de curso = course leader.
    * discurso de fin de curso = commencement salutatory.
    * diseñador de curso = course planner.
    * documentación de un curso = course pack.
    * estudiante de cursos superiores = upperclassman.
    * estudiante de último curso = final year student.
    * estudiante universitario de último curso = senior major.
    * hacer un curso = take + course.
    * material del curso = course material, curriculum material, curriculum resource.
    * nota del curso = course grade.
    * oferta de cursos = course offering.
    * ofrecer un curso = offer + course.
    * organizar un curso = arrange + course, run + course.
    * primer curso = first grade.
    * programa de curso = course program(me).
    * programa del curso = course syllabus.
    * quinto curso = fifth grade.
    * realización de cursos = coursework [course work].
    * repetición de cursos = grade retention.
    * segundo curso = second grade.
    * sistema virtual de gestión de cursos = course management system.

    curso2
    2 = course.

    Ex: The course of the race contains many steep hills, often paved with cobblestones.

    * bibliografía en curso = current bibliography.
    * curso de agua = water body [waterbody].
    * curso de un río = course of a river.
    * desviarse del curso = veer from + course.
    * en curso = in process, underway [under way], in progress, ongoing [on-going], afoot, current, under preparation.
    * en el curso de la historia = in the course of history.
    * en el curso normal de = in the mainstream of.
    * en el curso normal de las cosas = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en el curso normal de los acontecimientos = in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.
    * fichero de catalogación en curso = in-process cataloguing file.
    * marcar el curso = chart + course.
    * moneda de curso legal = legal tender.
    * proyecto en curso = work in progress.
    * publicación periódica en curso = current periodical.
    * publicación seriada en curso = current serial.
    * revista en curso = current journal.
    * seguir un curso de acción = follow + track.
    * trabajo en curso = work in progress.

    * * *
    A ( Educ)
    está en (el) tercer curso he's in the third year
    el curso escolar/universitario the academic year
    2 (clases) course
    está haciendo un curso de contabilidad she's doing an accountancy course, she's doing a course in accountancy o accounting
    una chica de mi curso a girl in my year
    Compuestos:
    ● curso acelerado or intensivo
    crash o intensive course
    (en Esp) ( Hist) pre-university course
    correspondence course
    B
    1
    (transcurso, desarrollo): en el curso de la reunión in the course of o during the meeting
    seguir atentamente el curso de los acontecimientos to follow the development of events very closely
    es su segunda visita en el curso del año it is her second visit this year
    el año/el mes/la semana en curso ( frml); the current year/month/week ( frml)
    dar curso a algo ‹a una instancia/solicitud› to start to process sth;
    ‹a la imaginación› to give free rein to sth
    dio libre curso a su indignación he gave vent to his indignation
    2 (de un río) course
    ríos de curso rápido fast flowing rivers
    C
    (circulación): monedas/billetes de curso legal legal tender, legal currency
    * * *

     

    Del verbo cursar: ( conjugate cursar)

    curso es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    cursó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    cursar    
    curso
    cursar ( conjugate cursar) verbo transitivo ( estudiar):

    cursó estudios de Derecho she did o studied o (BrE) read Law
    curso sustantivo masculino
    1 (Educ)


    el curso escolar/universitario the academic year
    b) (de inglés, mecanografía) course;

    ◊ curso intensivo crash o intensive course;

    Ccurso de Orientación Universitaria ( en Esp) pre-university course;
    curso por correspondencia correspondence course
    2
    a) (transcurso, desarrollo) course;



    3 ( circulación):

    cursar verbo transitivo
    1 (estudiar) to study
    2 (enviar) to send
    (tramitar) to process
    curso sustantivo masculino
    1 (marcha de acontecimientos, río) course
    (transcurso) en el curso de estos años he ido conociéndola, I've got to know her over the years
    estará listo en el curso de esta semana, it'll be ready in the course of this week
    año o mes en curso, current year o month
    2 (rumbo, trayectoria) course: cada uno siguió su curso, each of them took his own course
    3 (año académico) year
    (niños de una misma clase) class
    4 (clases sobre una materia) course
    5 Fin moneda de curso legal, legal tender
    ' curso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    COU
    - de
    - dinamizar
    - entrada
    - entrado
    - ser
    - iniciación
    - invertir
    - marcha
    - nos
    - pelada
    - pelado
    - reciclaje
    - retener
    - satisfacción
    - seguir
    - acabar
    - acceso
    - acelerado
    - año
    - apertura
    - apuntar
    - base
    - bibliografía
    - corriente
    - corto
    - cursar
    - cursillo
    - delegado
    - dictar
    - duración
    - elemental
    - grado
    - iniciar
    - inscribir
    - inscripción
    - pasar
    - perder
    - preámbulo
    - preparatorio
    - programa
    - repetir
    - reprobar
    - sacar
    - semestral
    - semestre
    - teórico
    - terminar
    - torcer
    - tutor
    English:
    A-level
    - academy
    - advanced
    - ancillary
    - correspondence course
    - course
    - crash course
    - current
    - go along with
    - graduate
    - intensive
    - legal tender
    - nature
    - ongoing
    - PGCE
    - postgraduate
    - profit
    - progress
    - required
    - sandwich course
    - senior
    - tender
    - year
    - bias
    - blow
    - correspondence
    - drop
    - form
    - foundation
    - go
    - grade
    - home
    - legal
    - lower
    - on
    - process
    - program
    - retrain
    - sophomore
    - summer
    - though
    * * *
    curso nm
    1. [año académico] year;
    ¿en qué curso estás? what year are you in?
    curso académico academic year;
    curso escolar school year
    2. [lecciones] course;
    un curso de inglés/informática an English/computing course
    curso por correspondencia correspondence course;
    curso intensivo crash course;
    Educ curso puente = intermediate course which enables a university student to change degree courses
    3. [grupo de alumnos] class
    4. [texto, manual] textbook
    5. [evolución] [de acontecimientos] course;
    [de la economía] trend;
    el curso de la enfermedad es positivo he has taken a turn for the better;
    dar curso a algo [dar rienda suelta] to give free rein to sth;
    [tramitar] to process sth, to deal with sth;
    en el curso de una semana ha habido tres accidentes there have been three accidents in the course of a week;
    la situación comenzará a mejorar en el curso de un año the situation will begin to improve within a year;
    en curso [mes, año] current;
    [trabajo] in progress;
    seguir su curso to go on, to continue
    6. [circulación]
    billete/moneda de curso legal legal tender
    7. [de río] course;
    el curso alto/medio the upper/middle reaches
    * * *
    m
    1 course;
    en el curso de in the course of
    2 COM
    :
    moneda de curso legal legal tender
    3 EDU
    :
    pasar de curso move up a grade;
    perder el curso miss the school year;
    repetir curso repeat a grade
    * * *
    curso nm
    1) : course, direction
    2) : school year
    3) : course, subject (in school)
    * * *
    1. (en general) course
    2. (año) year
    ¿qué curso haces? what year are you in?

    Spanish-English dictionary > curso

  • 20 Pasteur, Louis

    [br]
    b. 27 December 1822 Dole, France
    d. 28 September 1895 Paris, France
    [br]
    French chemist, founder of stereochemistry, developer of microbiology and immunology, and exponent of the germ theory of disease.
    [br]
    Sustained by the family tanning business in Dole, near the Swiss border, Pasteur's school career was undistinguished, sufficing to gain him entry into the teacher-training college in Paris, the Ecole Normale, There the chemical lectures by the great organic chemist J.B.A.Dumas (1800–84) fired Pasteur's enthusiasm for chemistry which never left him. Pasteur's first research, carried out at the Ecole, was into tartaric acid and resulted in the discovery of its two optically active forms resulting from dissymmetrical forms of their molecules. This led to the development of stereochemistry. Next, an interest in alcoholic fermentation, first as Professor of Chemistry at Lille University in 1854 and then back at the Ecole from 1857, led him to deny the possibility of spontaneous generation of animal life. Doubt had previously been cast on this, but it was Pasteur's classic research that finally established that the putrefaction of broth or the fermentation of sugar could not occur spontaneously in sterile conditions, and could only be caused by airborne micro-organisms. As a result, he introduced pasteurization or brief, moderate heating to kill pathogens in milk, wine and other foods. The suppuration of wounds was regarded as a similar process, leading Lister to apply Pasteur's principles to revolutionize surgery. In 1860, Pasteur himself decided to turn to medical research. His first study again had important industrial implications, for the silk industry was badly affected by diseases of the silkworm. After prolonged and careful investigation, Pasteur found ways of dealing with the two main infections. In 1868, however, he had a stroke, which prevented him from active carrying out experimentation and restricted him to directing research, which actually was more congenial to him. Success with disease in larger animals came slowly. In 1879 he observed that a chicken treated with a weakened culture of chicken-cholera bacillus would not develop symptoms of the disease when treated with an active culture. He compared this result with Jenner's vaccination against smallpox and decided to search for a vaccine against the cattle disease anthrax. In May 1881 he staged a demonstration which clearly showed the success of his new vaccine. Pasteur's next success, finding a vaccine which could protect against and treat rabies, made him world famous, especially after a person was cured in 1885. In recognition of his work, the Pasteur Institute was set up in Paris by public subscription and opened in 1888. Pasteur's genius transcended the boundaries between science, medicine and technology, and his achievements have had significant consequences for all three fields.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Pasteur published over 500 books, monographs and scientific papers, reproduced in the magnificent Oeuvres de Pasteur, 1922–39, ed. Pasteur Vallery-Radot, 7 vols, Paris.
    Further Reading
    P.Vallery-Radot, 1900, La vie de Louis Pasteur, Paris: Hachette; 1958, Louis Pasteur. A Great Life in Brief, English trans., New York (the standard biography).
    E.Duclaux, 1896, Pasteur: Histoire d ' un esprit, Paris; 1920, English trans., Philadelphia (perceptive on the development of Pasteur's thought in relation to contemporary science).
    R.Dobos, 1950, Louis Pasteur, Free Lance of Science, Boston, Mass.; 1955, French trans.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Pasteur, Louis

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